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اسئلة مناعة المحاضرة الاولى للجامعة المستنصرية

اليوم نقدم لكم اهم الأسئلة المهمة حول المناعة البشرية. سنشمل اليوم اسئلة مناعة المحاضرة الأولى للجامعة المستنصرية.

اسئلة مناعة المحاضرة الاولى


تنقسم مادة المايكرو "microbiology" إلى ثلاث اقسام :

  1. طفيليات
  2. فيروسات
  3. مناعة


في كلية الصيدلة المرحلة الثانية تعتبر من المواد الوزارية المهمة.  والتي تعني عدم اجتيازها عدن العبور الى المرحلة التالية في قسم الصيدلة.


سيتم ادراج جميع الأسئلة المهمة الخاصة بالمحاضرة الاولى الخاصة بالمناعة من الجامعة المستنصرية.  والتي تعد من الجامعات المهمة ، وأن أغلب الطلاب اعتمدوا عليها.


Innate immunity

Which of the following is not an example of  physical barrier in innate immunity

a) Skin

b) Mucus membranes

c) Saliva

d) Antibodies

Answer: d) Antibodies


Which cells are responsible for phagocytosis in innate immunity

a) B cells

b) T cells

c) Natural killer (NK) cells

d) Macrophages

Answer: d) Macrophages


Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in innate immunity by recognizing

a) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

b) Antibodies

c) Tumor cells

d) Self-antigens

Answer: a) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)


The complement system is part of innate immunity and functions by

a) Producing antibodies against pathogens

b) Activating T cells

c) Promoting inflammation

d) Enhancing phagocytosis and lysis of pathogens

Answer: d) Enhancing phagocytosis and lysis of pathogens


Which of the following is an antimicrobial protein involved in innate immunity

a) Interferon

b) Histamine

c) Interleukin-2

d) Insulin

Answer: a) Interferon


Natural killer (NK) cells are involved in innate immunity and primarily target

a) Bacteria

b) Viruses

c) Fungi

d) Parasites

Answer: b) Viruses


Inflammation is a key component of innate immunity and is characterized by

a) Redness, swelling, heat, and pain

b) Elevated blood pressure

c) Activation of T cells

d) Production of antibodies

Answer: a) Redness, swelling, heat, and pain


Which of the following is not a type of innate immune cell

a) Neutrophils

b) Eosinophils

c) Mast cells

d) Helper T cells

Answer: d) Helper T cells


The process of opsonization in innate immunity involves

a) Activation of complement proteins

b) Release of histamine

c) Phagocytosis of pathogens

d) Production of antibodies

Answer: a) Activation of complement proteins


The primary function of innate immunity is to

a) Recognize and remember specific pathogens

b) Provide immediate defense against a wide range of pathogens

c) Produce antibodies against specific antigens

d) Regulate the immune response

Answer: b) Provide immediate defense against a wide range of pathogens


Physiologic Barriers

Which of the following is an example of a physiologic barrier

a) Skin

b) Mucus membranes

c) Complement proteins

d) Neutrophils

Answer: b) Mucus membranes


Physiologic barriers in the respiratory system include

a) Cilia and mucus

b) Epidermis

c) Acidic pH in the stomach

d) Saliva

Answer: a) Cilia and mucus


The acidic pH in the stomach serves as a physiologic barrier against

a) Bacteria and viruses

b) Parasites

c) Toxins

d) Allergens

Answer: a) Bacteria and viruses


Lysozyme, an enzyme found in tears, saliva, and mucus, acts as a physiologic barrier by

a) Neutralizing toxins

b) Promoting inflammation

c) Destroying bacterial cell walls

d) Enhancing phagocytosis

Answer: c) Destroying bacterial cell walls


The normal flora or microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract act as a

a) Producing antibodies

b) Phagocytosing pathogens

c) physiologic barrier

d) Initiating an inflammatory response

Answer: c) physiologic barrier


The cilia in the respiratory tract helps in removing pathogens by

a) Activating natural killer (NK) cells

b) Producing mucus

c) Sweeping mucus and trapped particles upward for elimination

d) Initiating an allergic response

Answer: c) Sweeping mucus and trapped particles upward for elimination


The role of physiologic barriers in the immune system is to

a) Initiate an immune response

b) Prevent the entry and establishment of pathogens

c) Recognize and destroy specific pathogens

d) Coordinate the activities of immune cells

Answer: b) Prevent the entry and establishment of pathogens


Mechanisms of Innate Immunity

Which of the following is not a mechanism of innate immunity

a) Phagocytosis

b) Antibody production

c) Inflammation

d) Complement activation

Answer: b) Antibody production


The process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens is called

a) Opsonization

b) Complement fixation

c) Phagocytosis

d) Cytolysis

Answer: c) Phagocytosis


Which cells release histamine and other inflammatory mediators in response to tissue damage or infection

a) Macrophages

b) Neutrophils

c) Mast cells

d) Natural killer (NK) cells

Answer: c) Mast cells


The complement system is activated through three pathways. Which pathway is activated by antigen-antibody complexes

a) Classical pathway

b) Alternative pathway

c) Lectin pathway

d) All of the above

Answer: a) Classical pathway


The process of opsonization involves

a) Activation of complement proteins

b) Coating pathogens with antibodies or complement proteins

c) Release of histamine

d) Phagocytosis of pathogens

Answer: b) Coating pathogens with antibodies or complement proteins


Interferons are a group of proteins that are released in response to viral infections. They primarily function by

a) Promoting inflammation

b) Enhancing phagocytosis

c) Inhibiting viral replication

d) Killing infected cells

Answer: c) Inhibiting viral replication


Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of innate immunity. They recognize

a) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

b) Self-antigens

c) Antibodies

d) Allergens

Answer: a) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)


Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic cells that can directly kill infected or cancerous cells. They do so by

a) Producing antibodies

b) Releasing perforin and granzymes

c) Activating complement proteins

d) Phagocytosing pathogens

Answer: b) Releasing perforin and granzymes


The acute-phase response is a part of innate immunity that occurs in response to infection or tissue injury. It is characterized by

a) Activation of B cells

b) Production of antibodies

c) Fever and increased production of acute-phase proteins

d) Activation of T cells

Answer: c) Fever and increased production of acute-phase proteins


The primary function of innate immunity is to

a) Recognize and remember specific pathogens

b) Provide immediate defense against a wide range of pathogens

c) Produce antibodies against specific antigens

d) Regulate the immune response

Answer: b) Provide immediate defense against a wide range of pathogens


Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis is a process carried out primarily by which type of immune cells

a) B cells

b) T cells

c) Natural killer (NK) cells

d) Phagocytes

Answer: d) Phagocytes


Which of the following is an example of a phagocyte

a) Neutrophil

b) Eosinophil

c) Mast cell

d) Dendritic cell

Answer: a) Neutrophil


The initial step of phagocytosis involves the recognition and attachment of pathogens to the phagocyte's surface through

a) Antibodies

b) Complement proteins

c) Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

d) Opsonins

Answer: d) Opsonins


Which of the following is not a phagocytic cell

a) Macrophage

b) Dendritic cell

c) T lymphocyte

d) Monocyte

Answer: c) T lymphocyte


The fusion of the phagosome with lysosomes forms a phagolysosome, which contains enzymes that

a) Promote inflammation

b) Destroy the pathogen

c) Produce antibodies

d) Regulate the immune response

Answer: b) Destroy the pathogen


Which of the following is a respiratory burst product released during phagocytosis that helps kill the engulfed pathogen

a) Histamine

b) Perforin

c) Nitric oxide

d) Interferon

Answer: c) Nitric oxide


Phagocytosis is an important defense mechanism against which types of pathogens

a) Bacteria

b) Viruses

c) Fungi

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above


The process of phagocytosis is part of which line of defense in the immune system

a) Innate immunity

b) Adaptive immunity

c) Both innate and adaptive immunity

d) None of the above

Answer: a) Innate immunity


Natural Killer Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells are a type of

a) B cells

b) T cells

c) Antigen-presenting cells

d) Lymphocytes

Answer: d) Lymphocytes


NK cells are primarily involved in

a) Antibody production

b) Phagocytosis

c) Cell-mediated cytotoxicity

d) Complement activation

Answer: c) Cell-mediated cytotoxicity


NK cells can recognize and kill

a) Bacteria

b) Viruses

c) Cancer cells

d) b and c

Answer: d) b and c


The recognition of target cells by NK cells is based on the balance of inhibitory and activating signals received through

a) Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

b) Complement proteins

c) Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules

d) Antibodies

Answer: c) Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules

 

NK cells can directly kill target cells by inducing

a) Apoptosis

b) Phagocytosis

c) Opsonization

d) Inflammation

Answer: a) Apoptosis


The primary mechanism by which NK cells kill target cells is by releasing

a) Interferons

b) Complement proteins

c) Antibodies

d) Perforin and granzymes

Answer: d) Perforin and granzymes


The activity of NK cells is regulated by the balance of activating and inhibitory signals received through

a) Cytokines

b) Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

c) Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs)

d) Complement proteins

Answer: c) Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs)


NK cells play a crucial role in immune surveillance against

a) Bacterial infections

b) Parasitic infections

c) Viral infections

d) Allergies

Answer: c) Viral infections


NK cells are primarily associated with which line of defense in the immune system

a) Innate immunity

b) Adaptive immunity

c) Both innate and adaptive immunity

d) None of the above

Answer: a) Innate immunity


Mediators of Inflammation: Cytokine

Cytokines are

a) Proteins

b) Lipids

c) Carbohydrates

d) Nucleic acids

Answer: a) Proteins


Cytokines are secreted by various cells, including

a) Neutrophils

b) Macrophages

c) T lymphocytes

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above


Which of the following is not a function of cytokines

a) Regulating immune cell growth and differentiation

b) Promoting inflammation

c) Enhancing phagocytosis

d) Neutralizing toxins

Answer: d) Neutralizing toxins


Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines that mediate communication between:

a) Immune cells

b) Nervous cells

c) Muscle cells

d) Epithelial cells

Answer: a) Immune cells


Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine that plays a key role in

a) Promoting inflammation

b) Inhibiting phagocytosis

c) Regulating body temperature

d) Enhancing antibody production

Answer: a) Promoting inflammation


Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines primarily involved in

a) Enhancing phagocytosis

b) Killing infected cells

c) Neutralizing toxins

d) Regulating inflammation

Answer: b) Killing infected cells


Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a cytokine that has various functions, including

a) Promoting tissue repair

b) Activating natural killer (NK) cells

c) Enhancing antibody production

d) Initiating an allergic response

Answer: a) Promoting tissue repair


Chemokines are a group of cytokines that are primarily involved in

a) Regulating body temperature

b) Promoting inflammation

c) Inhibiting phagocytosis

d) Killing infected cells

Answer: b) Promoting inflammation


Cytokines can act in an autocrine manner, meaning they

a) Regulate neighboring cells

b) Regulate the same cell that secreted them

c) Regulate distant cells through the bloodstream

d) Regulate only immune cells

Answer: b) Regulate the same cell that secreted them


The dysregulation of cytokines can contribute to the development of

a) Autoimmune diseases

b) Bacterial infections

c) Allergic reactions

d) Viral infections

Answer: a) Autoimmune diseases


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